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with G. Brightwell and M. J. Luczak
Long-term concentration of measure and cut-off
Stochastic Processes and their Applications (to appear); DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2022.05.004

with Tiffany Y. Y. Lo
The expected degree distribution in transient duplication divergence models
ALEA (to appear).

with G. Reinert
Estimating the correlation in network disturbance models
J. Complex Networks 9(5), cnab028 (2021).

with P. Braunsteins and N. Ross
Local limit theorems for occupancy models
Random Structures and Algorithms 58, 3-33 (2020).

with N. Ross and Y. Wen
Central moment inequalities using Stein's method
Electronic J. Probab. 25, paper no. 91, 1-21 (2020).

with A. Xia
Multivariate approximation in total variation using local dependence
Electronic J. Probab. 24, paper no. 27, 1-35 (2019).

with A. Röllin
Central limit theorems in the configuration model
Ann. Appl. Probab. 29, 1046-1069 (2019).

with A. Röllin
A central limit theorem for the gossip process
Electronic J. Probab. 23, paper no. 123, 1-37 (2018).

with R. McVinish and P. K. Pollett
Local approximation of a metapopulation's equilibrium
J. Math. Biology 77, 765-793 (2018); DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1231-0

with M. Bichsel and A. Wagner
The dynamics of an insertion sequence infection in a spatially structured environment
J. Biol. Systems 26, 133-166 (2018).

with A. Röllin and N. Ross
Error bounds in local limit theorems using Stein's method
Bernoulli 25, 1076-1104 (2019).

with R. Arratia, W. J. Ewens and S. Tavaré
Simulating the component counts of combinatorial structures
Theor. Pop. Biol. 122, 5-11 (2018); DOI:10.1016/j.tpb.2018.02.002

with M. J. Luczak and A. Xia
Multivariate approximation in total variation, I: equilibrium distributions of Markov jump processes
Ann. Probab. 46, 1351-1404 (2018).

with M. J. Luczak and A. Xia
Multivariate approximation in total variation, II: discrete normal approximation
Ann. Probab. 46, 1405-1440 (2018).

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
Exploiting the Feller coupling for the Ewens Sampling Formula
Statist. Sci. 31, 27-29 (2016); DOI:10.1214/15-STS537.

with F. C. Klebaner and P. Chigansky
On the emergence of random initial conditions in fluid limits
J. Appl. Probab. 53, 1193-1205 (2016).

with L. H. Y. Chen
Stein's (magic) method
arXiv:1411.1179

with A. Collevecchio
General random walk in a random environment defined on Galton-Watson trees
Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré 53, 1657-1674 (2017).

with R. McVinish and P. K. Pollett
Connecting deterministic and stochastic metapopulation models
J. Math. Biology 71, 1481-1504 (2015); DOI 10.1007/s00285-015-0865-4

with K. Hamza, H. Kaspi and F. C. Klebaner
Escape from the boundary in Markov population processes
Adv. Appl. Probab. 47, 1190-1211 (2015); arXiv:1312.5788

with M. J. Luczak
Individual and patch behaviour in structured metapopulation models
J. Math. Biology 71, 713-733 (2015); DOI 10.1007/s00285-014-0834-3.

with A. Xia and H. L. Gan
Stein factors for negative binomial approximation in Wasserstein distance
Bernoulli 21, 1002-1013 (2015)

Couplings for locally branching epidemic processes
J. Appl. Probab. 51A, 43-56 (2014)

with E. Kowalski and A. Nikeghbali
Mod-discrete expansions
Prob. Theory Rel. Fields. 158, 859-893 (2014); DOI:10.1007/s00440-013-0498-8

with G. Reinert
Asymptotic behaviour of gossip processes and small world networks
Adv. Appl. Probab. 45, 981-1010 (2013).

with G. Reinert
Approximating the epidemic curve
Electr. J. Probab. 18, no. 54, 30pp. (2013); DOI: 10.1214/EJP.v18-2557.

with M. Bichsel and A. Wagner
Estimating the Fitness Effect of an Insertion Sequence
J. Math. Biol. 66, 95-114 (2013); DOI: 10.1007/s00285-012-0504-2

with M. J. Luczak
Central limit approximations for Markov population processes with countably many types
Electr. J. Probab. 17, no. 90, 16pp. (2012); DOI: 10.1214/EJP.v17-1760.

with P. K. Pollett
Total variation approximation for quasi-equilibrium distributions, II
Stoch. Procs. Applics 122, 3740-3756 (2012); DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2012.07.004.

with A. Pósfai
Couplings for irregular combinatorial assemblies
In: Probability Approximations and Beyond
Lecture Notes in Statistics 205, pp. 3-12
Springer, New York (2012)

with M. J. Luczak
A law of large numbers approximation for Markov population processes with countably many types
Prob. Theory Rel. Fields. 153, 727-757 (2012); DOI: 10.1007/s00440-011-0359-2

with D. Heinzmann and P. R. Torgerson
A mechanistic two-host model for the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus
International Journal of Biomathematics 4, 443-460 (2011); DOI: 10.1142/S1793524511001313

with D. Heinzmann and P. R. Torgerson
Shot noise processes for clumped infections with time-dependent decay dynamics
Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics 2, 83-106 (2011)

with Valentina Rossetti, Manuela Filippini, Miroslav Svercel and Homayoun C. Bagheri
Emergent multicellular life cycles in filamentous bacteria due to density dependent population dynamics + Supplement
J. Roy. Soc. Interface 8, 1772-1784 (2011); DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0102

with Bruno Nietlispach
Approximation by the Dickman distribution and quasi-logarithmic combinatorial structures
Electr. J. Probab. 16, 880--902 (2011)

with G. Reinert
The shortest distance in random multi-type intersection graphs
Rand. Struct. Alg. 39, 179-209 (2011); DOI: 10.1002/rsa.20351

with M. Bichsel and A. Wagner
The Early Phase of a Bacterial Insertion Sequence Infection
Theor. Pop. Biol. 78, 278-288 (2010)

with P. K. Pollett
Total variation approximation for quasi-equilibrium distributions
J. Appl. Probab. 47, 934-946 (2010)

with O. Johnson , I. Kontoyiannis and M. Madiman
Compound Poisson Approximation via Information Functionals
Electronic J. Probab. 15, 1344-1369 (2010)

with S. Tavaré
Assessing molecular variability in cancer genomes
In: Probability and Mathematical Genetics: Papers in Honour of Sir John Kingman, Eds. N. H. Bingham and C. M. Goldie. London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 378, pp. 91-112 (2010)

with Sanda Socoll
Translated Poisson Approximation to Equilibrium Distributions of Markov Population Processes
Meth. Comp. Appl. Probab. 12, 567-586 (2010); DOI: 10.1007/s11009-009-9124-8

Coupling a branching process to an infinite dimensional epidemic process
ESAIM: P&S 14, 53-64 (2010); DOI: 10.1051/ps:2008023
© EDP Sciences and S.M.A.I.

Univariate approximations in the infinite occupancy scheme
ALEA 6, 415-433 (2009)

with S. Janson
A functional combinatorial central limit theorem
Electronic J. Probab. 14, 2352-2370 (2009)

with D. Heinzmann and P. R. Torgerson
Compound processes as models for clumped parasite data
Math. Biosci. 222, 27-35 (2009)

with Sanda Socoll
Local limit approximations for Markov Population Processes
J. Appl. Probab. 46, 690-708 (2009)

with A. V. Gnedin
Small counts in the infinite occupancy scheme
Electr. J. Probab. 14, 365-384 (2009)

with M. J. Luczak
Laws of large numbers for epidemic models with countably many types
Ann. Appl. Probab. 18, 2208-2238 (2008)

with S. R. Rüegg, D. Heinzmann and P. R. Torgerson
Estimating the Transmission Dynamics of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in horses
Parasitology 135, 555-565 (2008)

with V. Cekanavicius and A. Xia
On Stein's method and perturbations
ALEA 3, 31-53 (2007)

with G. Reinert
Discrete small world networks
Electronic J. Probab. 11, 1234-1283 (2006)

with T. Lindvall
Translated Poisson approximation for Markov chains
J. Theor. Probab. 19, 609-630 (2006)

with A. Xia
On Stein's factors for Poisson approximation in Wasserstein distance
Bernoulli 12, 943-954 (2006)

with A. V. Gnedin
Regenerative compositions in the case of slow variation
Stoch. Procs Applics 116, 1012-1047 (2006)

with A. Xia
Normal approximation for random sums
Adv. Appl. Probab. 38, 693-728 (2006)

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
A tale of three couplings: Poisson-Dirichlet and GEM approximations for random permutations
Combin. Probab. Computing 15, 31-62 (2006)

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
A probabilistic approach to analytic arithmetic on algebraic function fields
Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 139, 1-26 (2005)

Testing for evolutionary relationship: an application of mathematics in molecular biology
COSMOS 1, 25-49 (2005)

with T. Hulf, P. Bellost, M. Furrer, D. Steiger, D. Svensson, P. Gallant
Whole-genome analysis reveals a strong positional bias of conserved dMyc-dependent E-boxes
Molecular and Cellular Biology 25(9), 3401-3410 (2005)
© American Society for Microbiology

with L.H.Y. Chen
The permutation distribution of matrix correlation statistics
In: Stein's method and applications
Eds: A. D. Barbour and L. H. Y. Chen
IMS Lecture Note Series Volume 5, pp. 223-246
World Scientific Press, Singapore (2005)

Multivariate Poisson-Binomial approximation using Stein's method
In: Stein's method and applications
Eds: A. D. Barbour and L. H. Y. Chen
IMS Lecture Note Series Volume 5, pp. 131-142
World Scientific Press, Singapore (2005)

with B. Granovsky
Random combinatorial structures: the convergent case
J. Comb. Theory A 109, 203-220 (2005)

with A. Pugliese
Asymptotic behaviour of a metapopulation model
Ann. Appl. Probab. 15, 1306-1338 (2005)

with A. Pugliese
Convergence of a structured metapopulation model to Levins's model
J. Math. Biol. 49, 468-500 (2004)

with K.P. Choi
A non-uniform bound for translated Poisson approximation
Electronic J. Probab. 9, 18-36 (2004)

with S. Utev
Approximating the Reed-Frost epidemic process
Stoch. Procs Applics 113, 173-197 (2004)

with R. Kälin
The duration of a sequence of epidemics
Bull. Math. Biol. 65, 397-405 (2003)

with S. Bonhoeffer and R. J. De Boer
Procedures for reliable estimation of viral fitness from time series data
Proc. Roy. Soc. B 269, 1887-1893 (2002)

with V. Cekanavicius
Total variation asymptotics for sums of independent integer random variables
Ann. Prob. 30, 509-545 (2002)

with M. Månsson
Compound Poisson process approximation
Ann. Prob. 30, 1492-1537 (2002)

with S.Y. Novak and A. Xia
Compound Poisson approximation for the distribution of extremes
Adv. Appl. Prob. 34, 223-240 (2002)

with K. Isler and R. D. Martin
Line fitting by rotation: a non-parametric method for bivariate allometric analysis
Biometrical Journal 44, 289-304 (2002)

with A. Xia
The number of two dimensional maxima
Adv. Appl. Prob. (SGSA) 33, 727-750 (2001)

with O. Chryssaphinou
Compound Poisson approximation: a user's guide
Ann. Appl. Prob. 11, 964-1002 (2001)

with V. Schmidt
On Laslett's transform for the Boolean model
Adv. Appl. Prob. (SGSA) 33, 1-5 (2001)

with G. Reinert
Small worlds
Random Struct. Alg. 19, 54-74 (2001); Correction ibid. 25, 115 (2004)

with O. Chryssaphinou and E. Vaggelatou
Applications of compound Poisson approximation
In: Probability and Statistical Models with Applications
Eds. Ch. A. Charalambides, M. V. Koutras and N. Balakrishnan, Chapman and Hall
Boca Raton, 41-62 (2001)

Topics in Poisson approximation
In: Stochastic Processes: Theory and Methods, Handbook of Statistics
Eds D. N. Shanbhag and C. R. Rao, Elsevier Science, 79-115 (2001)

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
Limits of logarithmic combinatorial structures
Ann. Prob. 28, 1620-1644 (2000)

with A. Pugliese
On the variance-to-mean ratio in models of parasite distributions
Adv. Appl. Prob. 32, 701-719 (2000)

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
The number of components in a logarithmic combinatorial structure
Ann. Appl. Prob. 10, 331-361 (2000)

with A. Xia
Estimating Stein's constants for compound Poisson approximation
Bernoulli 6, 581-590 (2000)

with M. Månsson
Compound Poisson approximation and the clustering of random points
Adv. Appl. Prob. (SGSA) 32, 19-38 (2000)

with S.N. Ethier and R.C. Griffiths
A transition function expansion for a diffusion model with selection
Ann. Appl. Prob. 10, 123-162 (2000)

with R. Gerrard and G. Reinert
Iterates of expanding maps
Prob. Theory Rel. Fields 116, 151-180 (2000)

with A. Xia
Poisson perturbations
ESAIM: P&S 3, 131-150 (1999)

with P.K. Argos, Ph. Christen and P. Mehta
Recognizing very distant sequence relationships amongst proteins by Family Profile Analysis
Proteins 35, 387-400 (1999)
© WILEY-LISS, INC

with S. Utev
Compound Poisson approximation in total variation
Stoch. Procs Applics 82, 89-125 (1999)

with W.U. Blanckenhorn, M. Reuter and P.I. Ward
Correcting for sampling bias in quantitative measures of selection when fitness is binary
Evolution 53, 286-291 (1999)
© The Society for the Study of Evolution

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
The Poisson-Dirichlet distribution and the scale invariant Poisson process
Combin. Prob. Computing 8, 407-416 (1999)

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
On Poisson-Dirichlet limits for random decomposable combinatorial structures
Combin. Prob. Computing 8, 193-208 (1999)

with G.A. Funk, H. Hengartner and U. Kalinke
Mathematical model of a virus-neutralizing immunoglobin response
J. Theor. Biol. 195, 41-52 (1998)
© Academic Press

with T.C. Brown and A. Xia
Point processes in time and Stein's method
Stochastics 65, 127-151 (1998)

with S. Utev
Solving the Stein Equation in compound Poisson approximation
Adv. Appl. Probab. 30, 449-475 (1998)

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
Random combinatorial structures and prime factorizations
Notices of the AMS 44, 903-910 (1997)

Stein's method
Encyclopaedia of Statistical Sciences, Update, Vol.1, Wiley, New York, 513-521 (1997)

with J.A.P. Heesterbeek and C.J. Luchsinger
Thresholds and initial growth rates in a model of parasitic infection
Ann. Appl. Prob. 6, 1045-1074 (1997)

with R.M. Phatarfod
Dimensioning a multiple hashing scheme
J. Appl. Probab. 34, 477-486 (1997)

with A.P. Godbole and J. Qian
Imperfections in random tournaments
Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 6, 1-15 (1997)

Chance and chaos
Elemente der Mathematik 51, 57-63 (1996)

with T.C. Brown
Approximate versions of Melamed's theorem
J. Appl. Probab. 33, 472-489 (1996)

with M. Roos and O. Chryssaphinou
Compound Poisson approximation in systems reliability
Naval Research Logistics 43, 251-264 (1996)

Modelling the transmission of schistosomiasis: an introductory view
Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55, 135-143 (1996)

with M. Roos and O. Chryssaphinou
Compound Poisson approximation in reliability theory
IEEE Trans. Reliability 44, 398-402 (1995)
© IEEE

with L.H.Y. Chen and K.P. Choi
Poisson approximation for unbounded functions, I: independent summands
Statistica Sinica 5, 749-766 (1995)

with R. Grübel
The first divisible sum
J. Theor. Prob. 8, 39-47 (1995)

with S. Tavaré
A rate for the Erdös-Tur'an law
Combin. Prob. Computing 3, 167-176 (1994)

Threshold phenomena in epidemic theory
In: Probability, statistics and optimization: a tribute to Peter Whittle
Ed. F.P. Kelly, 101-116 Wiley, New York (1994)

with M. Kafetzaki
A host-parasite model yielding heterogeneous parasite loads
J. Math. Biology 31, 157-176 (1993)
© Springer-Verlag

with M. Costi
Correlation tests for non-linear alternatives
J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B 55, 541-548 (1993)

with P.E. Greenwood
Rates of Poisson approximation in finite range random fields
Ann. Appl. Prob. 3, 91-102 (1993)

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
On random polynomials over finite fields
Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 114, 347-368 (1993)

with T.C. Brown
The Stein-Chen method, point processes and compensators
Ann. Prob. 20, 1504-1527 (1992)

with T.C. Brown
Stein's method and point process approximation
Stoch. Procs Applics 43, 9-31 (1992)
© Elsevier Science Publishers

with L.H.Y. Chen
On the binary expansion of a random integer
Stat. Prob. Letters 14, 235-241 (1992)
© Elsevier Science Publishers

with R. Arratia and S. Tavaré
Poisson process approximations for the Ewens sampling formula
Ann. Appl. Prob. 2, 519-535 (1992)

Refined approximations for the Ewens sampling formula
Rand. Struct. Alg. 3, 267-276 (1992)
© John Wiley and Sons

with L.H.Y. Chen and W.-L. Loh
Compound Poisson approximation for nonnegative random variables via Stein's method
Ann. Prob. 20, 1843-1866 (1992)

with L.C.G. Rogers and T. Lindvall
Stochastic ordering of order statistics
J. Appl. Prob. 28, 278-286 (1991)

Stein's method for diffusion approximations
Prob. Theory Rel. Fields 84, 297-322 (1990)
© Springer-Verlag

with D. Mollison
Epidemics and random graphs
In: Stochastic Processes in Epidemic Theory, Eds J.P. Gabriel, C. Lefevre and P. Picard
Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 86, pp. 86-89. Springer, New York (1990)

with F.G. Ball
Poisson approximation for some epidemic models
J. Appl. Prob. 27, 479-490 (1990)

with S. Janson, M. Karonski and A. Rucinski
Small cliques in random graphs
Rand. Struct. Alg. 1, 403-434 (1990)
© John Wiley and Sons

with M. Karonski and A. Rucinski
A central limit theorem for decomposable random variables, with applications to random graphs
J. Comb. Theory B 47, 125-145 (1989)
© Academic Press

with L. Holst
Some applications of the Stein-Chen method for proving Poisson convergence
Adv. Appl. Prob. 21, 74-90 (1989)

with J.L. Jensen
Local and tail approximations near the Poisson limit
Scand. J. Statist. 16, 75-87 (1989)

with R.D. Martin
Aspects of line-fitting in bivariate allometric analyses
Folia Primatol. 53, 65-81 (1989)
© S. Karger AG

Stein's method and Poisson process convergence
J. Appl. Prob. 25(A), 175-184 (1988)

Asymptotic expansions in the Poisson limit theorem
Ann. Prob. 15, 748-766 (1987)

with G.K. Eagleson
An improved Poisson limit theorem for sums of dissociated random variables
J. Appl. Prob. 24, 586-599 (1987)

Asymptotic expansions based on smooth functions in the central limit theorem
Prob. Theory Rel. Fields 72, 289-303 (1986)

with G.K. Eagleson
Tests for space-time clustering
In: Stochastic spatial processes, Ed. P. Tautu, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1212, 42-51
Springer, Berlin (1986)

with G.K. Eagleson
Random association of symmetric arrays
Stoch. Analysis Applics. 4, 239-281 (1986)

Pointwise convergence of densities under iteration of Ulam and von Neumann's map
J. Phys A: Math. Gen. 19, 3921-3922 (1986)

with R. Gerrard
Measures of niche overlap II
IMA J. Math. Appl. Med. Biol. 3, 115-127 (1986)

with E. Schatzmann and R. Gerrard
Measures of niche overlap I
IMA J. Math. Appl. Med. Biol. 3, 99-113 (1986)

with G.K. Eagleson
Multiple comparisons and sums of dissociated random variables
Adv. Appl. Prob. 17, 147-162 (1985)

The importance of age and water contact patterns in relation to schistosoma haematobium infection
Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 151-153 (1985)

with P. Hall
On bounds to the rate of convergence in the central limit theorem
Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 17, 151-156 (1985)

with D.I. Cartwright, J.B. Donnelly and G.K. Eagleson
A new rank test for the k-sample problem
Comm. Stat. Theor. Meth. 14, 1471-1484 (1985)

with P. Hall
Stein's method and the Berry-Esseen theorem
Aust. J. Stat. 26, 8-15 (1984)

with G.K. Eagleson
Poisson convergence for dissociated statistics
J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B 46, 397-402 (1984)

with P. Hall
Reversing the Berry-Esseen inequality
Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 90, 107-110 (1984)

with P. Hall
On the rate of Poisson convergence
Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 95, 473-480 (1984)

Extreme values of Markov population processes
Stoch. Procs Applics 14, 297-313 (1983)

with G.K. Eagleson
Poisson approximation for some statistics based on exchangeable trials
Adv. Appl. Prob. 15, 585-600 (1983)

Schistosomiasis
Chapter 4 of Population dynamics of parasitic diseases
Ed. R.M. Anderson, Chapman and Hall, London (1982)

Generalized semi-Markov schemes and open queueing networks
J. Appl. Prob. 19, 469-474 (1982)

Poisson convergence and random graphs
Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 92, 349-359 (1982)

with R. Schassberger
Insensitive average residence times in generalized semi-Markov processes
Adv. Appl. Prob. 13, 720-735 (1981)

Brownian motion and a sharply curved boundary
Adv. Appl. Prob. 13, 736-750 (1981)

Density dependent Markov population processes
In Biological growth and spread, Eds W. Jäger, H. Rost and P. Tautu
Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 38, 36-49, Springer, Berlin (1980)

Equilibrium distributions for Markov population processes
Adv. Appl. Prob. 12, 591-614 (1980)

with A.G. Pakes
Limit theorems for the simple branching process allowing immigration
II: the case of infinite offspring mean
Adv. Appl. Prob. 11, 63-72 (1979)

On sequential versions of the generalized likelihood ratio test
Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 86, 85-90 (1979)

with H.-J. Schuh
Functional normalizations for the branching process with infinite mean
J. Appl. Prob. 16, 513-525 (1979)

A stochastic model for the transmission of bilharzia
Math. Biosci. 38, 303-312 (1978)

Macdonald's model and the transmission of bilharzia
Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 6-15 (1978)

The uniqueness of Atkinson and Reuter's epidemic waves
Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 82, 127-130 (1977)

with H.-J. Schuh
On the asymptotic behaviour of branching processes with infinite mean
Adv. Appl. Prob. 9, 681-723 (1977)

Breakpoint phenomena and the initial stages of the transmission of bilharzia
Bull. Int. Stat. Inst. XLVII(2), 22-30 (1977)

Second order limit theorems for the Markov branching process in random environments
Stoch. Procs Applics 4, 33-40 (1976)

Quasi-stationary distributions in Markov population processes
Adv. Appl. Prob. 8, 296-314 (1976)

Networks of queues and the method of stages
Adv. Appl. Prob. 8 584-591 (1976)

The asymptotic behaviour of birth and death and some related processes
Adv. Appl. Prob. 7, 28-43 (1975)

Limit theorems for processes such as the Markov branching process
J. Appl. Prob. 12, 289-297 (1975)

A note on the maximum size of a closed epidemic
J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B 37, 459-460 (1975)

The duration of the closed stochastic epidemic
Biometrika 62, 477-482 (1975)

Tail sums of convergent series of independent random variables
Math. Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 75, 361-364 (1974)

On a functional central limit theorem for Markov population processes
Adv. Appl. Prob. 6 21-39 (1974)

The principle of the diffusion of arbitrary constants
J. Appl. Prob. 9 519-541 (1972)